PreludeAs many might already be aware, the warmest average global temperature on record was observed in the year 1998. Since then the global mean has remained below that record high. This is perplexing to say the least to scientist who have been predicting an increase in global temperatures for the coming decades, furthermore this has fueled debates against global warming and human influence on the Earth's climate.

From my point of view, despite the fact that we did not observe 1998 warmth this past decade global warming is a very real phenomenon and must be monitored. This past decade temperatures were generally above the global mean. The 12 year period from 1997-2008 the top ten warmest years were observed. Scientist speculate that temperature trends occur in 30 year cycles and that we are on the way to a cooler period for the next 30 years. The temperature trend for the past 30 years have indicated a warmer incline of temperatures, however the 30 year period from the 1940s to the 1970s is indicative of a cooler pattern. Never the less, when the entire spectrum is taken into perspective there is no argument, the overall global temperature trend has been a positive inclination. Our planet experiences changes in cycles so it is possible that for the next 30 year cycle temperatures globally might plateau or even cool down.
Global Cooling
2009 was dubbed "the year with out a summer," most of the U.S. has experienced the coldest summer in 30 years. Could this be a sign of things to come? Scientist say yes. Along with the 30 year temperature cycle, the current ENSO or the El Niño Southern Oscillation is believed to have a effect on our weather. During a typical weak El Niño, the Atlantic Hurricane Season tends to be less active. So far, Hurricane Season 2009 has been the least active of the decade. Cold and snowy conditions are more likely to occur during the North American winters during a weak El Niño. Scientist believe the cool trend of this past summer is likely to continue. If this is correct we could end up having the coldest winter season since the 1970s in 2009-2010 winter season.

Along with a weak El Niño, scientist debate whether our Sun has also played a role in recent temperature variations. Some scientist argue that the Sun has not had any significant effect on global warming. "Warming in the last 20 to 40 years can't have been caused by solar activity" argues Dr Piers Forster from Leeds University. A research conducted by the Royal Society concluded that solar output and cosmic ray intensity over the last 30-40 years do not correlate with graphs for global average surface temperatures.
But recent solar activity is speculated to have influenced global temperatures. Currently we are in a period in the 11 year solar cycle with the least sunspots on the surface of the Sun. This is known as Solar Minimum. The current solar minimum has been on going longer than average and is resulting in an extended solar cycle. Many scientist have noticed a relationship between an extended solar cycle and a decrease in global temperatures. Australian geologist David Archibald has confirmed this relationship, and also found that for every one year increase in solar cycle length there is a 0.5 degree Celsius decline in surface air temperature during the following cycle. NASA predicts the current solar cycle, dubbed cycle number 23 will be 13 years in length. If Archibald's calculations are correct there is likely to be a 1.0°C to 1.5°C drop in global temperatures over the next solar cycle. This is significant because cooling of this magnitude would be greater than the 0.6°C warming observed in the 20th century. A drop in temperature by just 1.0°C can have a big effect in global climate.

If we look back in history to the last time an extended solar cycle was observed we would have to go back to "the Little Ice-age" which began with solar cycle number 4 which lasted 13.6 years. During the Little Ice-age, a global temperature drop of 1.0°C to 1.5°C was observed. During this period in the winter of 1780 New York Harbor actually froze over allowing New Yorkers to walk from Manhattan Island to Staten Island! Extreme cold was common in the northern hemisphere which led to crop faliure for much of Europe.